Viasystems: An Eye on Details

Is Viasystems up to its old tricks?

The PCB fabricator today announced a deal to acquire DDi for $268 million, a move that will push the company back into the industry top 10 for the first time in years.

Keep in mind, 12 years ago, Viasystems was the second largest PCB company in the world, behind Sanmina, with sales of about $1.25 billion. The deal pushes Viasystems past that mark for the first time since 2001. That’s when the dot.com market imploded, and telecom was wiped out, taking much of Viasystems’ capital with it.

That disaster made Viasystems something of an industry punchline. Two bankruptcies followed, plus a high-profile takedown of the venture capitalists behind the company, and some expected the entity to collapse like a black hole. But lo and behold, the remaining management wisened up, stopped buying other people’s garbage with other people’s money (Viasystems paid cash for DDi), and concentrated on learning the business. They shuttered money-losing operations in the US and Europe, and broadened their focus to automotive. Oh, and they learned being smaller and profitable is better than being the biggest and bleeding.

What a difference a decade makes.

What this means for Mikel Williams has not yet been revealed. The DDi CEO remade the company, which also suffered badly after a series of management missteps and internal struggles. Profits have improved four years running (revenues took a minor hit in 2011), and the company successfully absorbed smaller rival Coretec without a hitch. One hopes Williams stays in this industry; he’s a star and would be missed.

Also watching this closely will be Shennan Circuits. DDi reportedly outsources some of its larger orders to the China-based board shop. That is certainly about to change.

Off to the Races: Creating Winning Finishes

As promised, we are off to the races, untangling the convoluted subject of PCB surface finishes. This is a complicated subject, so bear with me as I try to break it down into bite-sized, manageable portions! This week I will discuss each available surface finish and the pros and cons of each one. Below is my version of SparkNotes for surface finishes:

PCB Surface Finish Comparison Chart

HASL

Tin/Lead

HASL

(Lead-free)

ENIG

Immersion

Silver

Immersion

Tin

ENEPIG

Electrolytic

Nickel-(Hard or Soft)Gold

RoHS Compliant

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Fabrication Costs

Low

Low

Med

Med

Med

High

High

Shelf Life

1 Year

1 Year

1 Year

9-12 Months

9-12 Months

1 Year

1 Year

Themal Excursions

In Assembly

Multi

Multi

Multi

Multi

Multi

Multi

Multi

Wire Bonding

No

No

Yes/No

Yes/No

No

Yes

Yes

Low Resistance/High Speed

No

No

No

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Soundness of Solder Joints

Excellent

Good

Good

Excellent

Good

Good

Good

Coplanarity

Poor

Good

Good

Excellent

Excellent

Excellent

Excellent

Wettability

Excellent

Good

Good

Excellent

Good

Good

Good

As I mentioned in my previous blog post, many designers working with high speed digital, RF or Microwave applications are using ENIG, ENEPIG and Electrolytic Hard or Soft gold these days. From the chart above, you can see why; these finishes offer many desired properties. However, if wire bonding is required, the field is narrowed to Immersion Silver, ENEPIG, and Electrolytic gold. Here at Transline we are often asked what the difference is between hard and soft gold: quite simply it is the purity of the gold; the purer the gold, the softer the finish. Among all finishes widely available, silver has the best conductivity.

The Tradeoffs

Many engineers and designers report significant signal loss from the nickel that is plated beneath all gold applications. As the desire for greater speeds increase, many are looking for ways to eliminate, or reduce loss due to undesirable resistivity from plating finishes. In the plating process, gold cannot be plated directly over copper for a couple of reasons. First of all, some copper gets chemically dissolved into the plating tanks, tainting the gold purity and the very costly gold bath. Secondly, on the board surface the copper and gold become diffused and mingled not allowing the gold to plate over the top of the copper. Nickel, therefore, is applied over the copper to act as a barrier to prevent these two undesirable effects. It is for this reason that many are looking to ENEPIG (Electroless Nickel, Electroless Palladium, and Immersion Gold). The Palladium is far less resistive, and due to the “skin effect,” the signal travels to the outermost areas of the circuit—through the low resistive Palladium and Gold. The only downfall for this finish is that it is more costly, and may or may not take more time since most PCB suppliers do not have palladium tanks in their facilities, and rely on outside plating services.

With greater frequency, designers are turning to Immersion silver. The drawbacks to Immersion Silver include the inability for fine wire bonding and oxidation. Oxidation can be avoided or delayed by packaging with sulfur-free packaging materials and storing in temperatures less than 95 degrees Fahrenheit. Some mild oxidation can be easily cleaned away. Any unused boards should be resealed for proper storage.

Conclusion

As you can see, plating finishes offer a series of tradeoffs in cost, performance and function. Each designer needs to carefully consider the requirements that are unique to a given project or application. I hope this information helps to clarify what the general pros and cons are of the various surface finishes available.

Next Installment

Next time, I will dig a bit deeper into this subject and discuss the impact of copper smoothness and “skin effect” and how each may help you make decisions about the surface finish. Thanks to all of you who sent me emails and questions on this subject! Keep the comments and questions coming here, or to my email: [email protected]

Further reading:

www.taconic-add.com/pdf/technicalarticles–effectsofsurfacefinish.pdf

www.ddmconsulting.com/Design_Guides/hasl_alt.pdf

— Judy

Procurement Puzzles

While I’m pleased to see IPC is taking a stand in urging the US State Department to take a harder line when it comes to the potential export printed circuit board design data, it must have been cause for no small amount of angst in Bannockburn over whether IPC should be involved at all.

To bring readers up to speed, IPC seeks to make clear that ITAR covers PCB designs intended for defense equipment.

While it seems patently obvious that PCB data should be on the ITAR list, it puts IPC in the semi-awkward position. The largest PCB supplier to the US DoD is TTM Technologies, with about $170 million in defense sales through the first three quarters of last year. TTM’s largest shareholder is a Chinese national. And TTM’s COO is on the IPC board of directors.

So does IPC support the continued DoD drive for COTS products, keeping with the Perry Initiative of 1994, which some cite as the beginning of the end for the US PCB industry?* (COTS in effect forces prices to their lowest common denominator, which gives certain offshore suppliers a leg up on their US competitors.) Does it seek to aid the competitiveness of a major member? Or does it put the interest of the multinational members that want the lowest prices, regardless of the potential security risks? What about the potential risk to the US PCB infrastructure? Which of these priorities should take precedence?

*I don’t agree, but that’s a different blog.

December Issue Now Online

The December issue of PCD&F is now available.

Our cover story is a study of a novel halogen-free, phosphorus-free laminate said to be
effective for lead-free processing but without the cost penalty typically associated with such materials.

Other highlights include:

And our commentary on the recent Productronica trade show.

Check it out here!

Why DfM?

Design for manufacture is the practice of designing board products that can be produced in a cost-effective manner using existing manufacturing processes and equipment. — Ray Prasad

I’ve mentioned before that one of my early design gurus gave me a piece of advice that stayed with me throughout my design career. He said that after I finished a drawing or design, I should stand back and ask myself if I could build the product from the information I was providing. Well, to do that I had to know how the product would be built and the processes involved in manufacturing the product. Fortunately I was raised in a fabrication environment and had a fair knowledge of metal fabrication.

But when I started designing PCBs, I didn’t have the luxury of being around a PCB fab shop, where I could spend time with people who built the boards. I had to depend on other designers who had a wealth of knowledge about PCB fabrication.

Several years later, I worked for a couple companies that not only did design work but also had a board shop. Any time I had a question about something, I could walk over to the board shop and get some on-the-job schooling. The folks there would not only tell me what I needed to do to make the job more manufacturable, they’d walk me down the line and show me the whats and whys. I can’t help but think that this made me a better designer. I know that it gave me a better understanding of how the things that I was doing in a design affected every step and downstream process.

Over the years since I became involved in the magazine and conference side of PCBs, I’ve stressed the importance of DfM and the manufacturing process. We made it a significant part of the message and information in everything we produced, including the magazine, conferences and in later years, our websites. But DfM is still one of the major issues in the PCB design world. With the compartmentalization and outsourcing common today, it may be more difficult to get out to the board shop that builds our boards.

However, it is doable. Even when – for whatever reason – it isn’t feasible, designers and engineers need to know everything possible about board fabrication and assembly. So we keep running articles in the magazine and doing sessions at PCB West on DfM. We’re also working on some in-depth DFM courses for Printed Circuit University (PCU). In fact, we just loaded a video on PCU called Why DFM? that is available to all PCU members. (Membership is free.) In the video, Darren Hitchcock of Multek talks about some basic issues about which every designer should know. It is just a part of our effort to get every designer educated on DfM and other subjects relating to PCBs. Visit PCU today to see for yourself.

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PCB West Recap: Still Great After 20 Years

I’m thrilled to be reporting on PCB West 2011 because for the past few years I haven’t been able to attend. I had almost forgotten what it was like to be among that rare breed of “off-grid” individualism, the Circuit Board Designer.Lately I’ve become more involved in IPC standards development committees and therefore feel obligated to attend those conferences, but since few designers participate in IPC activities, PCB West felt like coming home again. If you are one of the designers working alone out there for your company, or are a lone designer supporting multiple companies, this conference is a great opportunity to meet your peers, get away from the daily grind for a few days and see what the rest of the world is doing …  

20 and counting? This was the 20th anniversery of PCB West? Seriously? How could we have gotten so old already? Now I’m feeling nostalgic … UP Media gave out “20 Years and Still Off-Grid” t-shirts to literally everyone that registered. I thought that was a really nice thing to do. Thanks, Uncle Pete! (and while I’m thinking about it, thanks to K&F for supplying free Starbucks coffee for everyone!)

Continuing education. The conference started off with a bang as I attended a presentation by Kevin Coates where he introduced a new series of devices by Texas Instruments (well, new to me anyway) where fine pitch BGAs are being developed using a pin-out method that leaves room for fan-out vias and decoupling devices. Using these “via channel” devices may enable designers to use conventional board fabrication technology, where an HDI solution was required before. It was nice to hear additional comments by Wayne Pulliam, who works on similar efforts for AMD.

Darren Hitchcock’s “Design for Manufacturing” presentation was very informative, mostly focusing on various board materials and their characteristics.
Gary Ferrari gave a great introduction to HDI technology, the various types of HDI constructions (and the materials required for them) and the use of microvias. He gave some good real-world advice and warned about some common pitfalls, and if you are moving in the direction of HDI I would strongly recommend this course. Gary has done so much work with this type of fabrication at his company (FTG), and with so much related experience in his involvement with IPC, you can pretty much take whatever he says to the bank.
Susy Webb seems like the hardest working gal in the game, and has nearly accomplished a complete curriculum for new board designers.
Starting with the basics in her introductory “Symbols and Schematics” class, and moving from “Parts and Placement” through “Routing and Finishing” and even “PCB Layer Stackups,” finishing with “EMI” and “Signal Integrity” presentations. She is getting close to offering the new designer a start-to-finish introduction to the whole electronics development process.
And the good news? All of her presentations are available on the Proceedings CD.
Finally, many of you may wonder what exactly happens to your Gerber data once it leaves your CAD system, and whether that ubiquitous fabrication note “Data May Not Be Modified” really means anything at all. Well, Mike Tucker’s presentation about CAM departments is a welcome addition to any PCB design program, and thanks go to Colonial Circuits (his new employer) for letting him continue to present it.
This is definitely something any board designer worth his salt should know about.
Feeling left out? I apologize to all of the presenters that I wasn’t able to mention in this review. With multiple events happening in every time slot, I simply wasn’t able to make it to everything this year. Fortunately, the proceedings disk contains most of the information from the conference and is available from UP Media at http://pcbwest.com/2011/proceedings/.
Exhibitionism. Although the exhibit spaces have seemed to be shrinking in size over the last decade or so, UP Media does a great job of bringing folks onto the floor. The time frame was shorter, and I suspect the exhibitors are happy enough with not having the show drag on and on for days, so that now the entire event happens in a single session! I love it.
Everyone is there for one entire day and it seemed downright festive.
The event included free lunch for everyone, bringing a lot of traffic into the space virtually the moment it opened, and ended in the evening with open bar for everyone, so even those who need a little of that old-fashioned “social lubricant” could get into the scene. The vendors I talked to seemed to be getting a lot of worthwhile leads this year, and I sensed a real note of optimism that I haven’t felt lately. Hope it was a worthwhile experience for everyone who participated.
Gossip column: Happy for Happy. Many of you know Happy Holden from his long career at Hewlett Packard, many of you know him from his educational conference presentations while working with NanYa, many of you know him for his most excellent introduction to HDI, The HDI Handbook, many of you know him for his work divining the future for Mentor Graphics, and many of you know him for his “retirement” to become the CTO of Foxconn’s Advanced Technology Division in Taiwan. I might have predicted that we had seen the last of Happy; that he had moved so high up the ivory tower that we would never hear from him again. Not so! Happy is moving back to the states! (hope he doesn’t resent me for this announcement). Maybe we will all benefit from his presence again.
Stay tuned … (Michigan?)

Howdy PODners! OK, how many years ago did we start talking about a Universal Library? How long ago was it that Tom Hausherr started collecting PADS library components, analyzing them, collating them, creating a consensus that eventually turned into the PCBLibrary Viewer and Calculator and Wizard?

And when these tools got linked together with the IPC-7351 Land Pattern Standard, it seemed like we were close to crossing the goal line, from then on into the future the world could have a consistent approach to creating reliable footprints for every major CAD system. So, what happened? Well, the short story is that Valor bought PCBLibraries, which seemed like a good idea since Valor was already supporting every major CAD system, but then Mentor Graphics bought Valor. Uh Oh! would Mentor support the dream? Not exactly … they soon started stripping off the interfaces to the competitor’s products, and the most recent news that is that in July they kicked Tom and his team to the curb. sad, Sad, SAD. But, looking at it another way, it could be the best thing that ever happened to propel us toward the dream of a Universal Library, because Tom and his Partners are back together and working on a monster plan for a new web-based library (which will eventually be at http://PCBpod.com). Right now they are putting together the parameters for a set of new and improved land pattern conventions that address many of the common issues. For example, why should we be screening so much silkscreen underneath components for high-volume products that can’t even be seen after assembly? We are wasting a lot of ink for no reason, folks.
Anyway, that might be a minor issue for many of you and it is just an example, but the good news is that these issues are actively being discussed, hopefully to be resolved with the IPC during some meetings in October, and then these parameters will be public-domain for all to use.
And what will happen to Mentor’s calculator? Who cares…!

PCU for me and you. Also, you’ve probably already heard, but UPMedia is putting together various educational materials which will hopefully evolve into a full curriculum under the banner “Printed Circuit University.

Registration is free, and once your account is set up you will have access to many free resources, and for a fee you can access the in-depth tutorials such as Eric Bogatin’s Signal Integrity series. Check it out! You might even find some videos there from this year’s conference by Kelly Dack.

The missing piece. Finally, the conference just wasn’t the same without Rick Hartley, one of the educational icons of our industry. Hope you’re feeling better, Rick!

Surfin’ the learnin’ curve,
Jack Olson
http://HowToPCB.net

Talk Isn’t Cheap

Communicating is hard. It took thousands of years just for man to develop a common language. I don’t suppose, then, even in our “enlightened” state, we should expect it to be easy to develop a common, complete method for describing all the myriad features of a printed circuit board.
This week at PCB West, the Silicon Valley annual trade show, a special panel will convene to address just that decades-old issue. (Disclosure: I’m the moderator.) I don’t expect the group to solve all the industry’s data problems in just 90 minutes, but I do think a few key aspects will be noted.

Here’s a question I plan to raise: Would the problem of unintelligent data files be essentially resolved if the initial cost to upgrade were lower?

Upstream, Intel, for example, sends an army of engineers to its suppliers to help them implement new processes. Few companies have the resources of Intel, of course. No fabricator does. And this leaves the fabs in a bind: They know that Gerber is insufficient, and spend countless hours massaging (often without their customer’s knowledge) the bad or incomplete data received from design. But with tooling jobs stacking up on their desks, and margins cut to the bone, they claim no resources to spend on implementing one of the richer data transfer formats like ODB++ or IPC-2581.

So who pays?

Neither IPC nor Valor make any money directly from their respective data transfer formats, so it’s unlikely either would see the value in extending themselves further by underwriting the onsite development and implementation work. (Whether they should anyway is a column for another day.) Designers tend to be risk-averse: They are unlikely to risk their jobs on something upper management is not mandating. Thus, it may be that the fabricators need to start assigning a CAM engineer to its key customers — perhaps one at a time, to keep costs down — to help them get up and running — no matter which rich format they choose.

The argument for switching to a superior format(s) is that manufacturers will save money down the road. I understand, however, that quantifying the cost savings is exceedingly difficult. Moreover, as one CAD developer told me, there’s an unwritten incentive for the status quo (read: Gerber) because manufacturers don’t want to appear inflexible.

I would argue that the industry’s margins can’t afford to keep sending bad data downstream and hoping for a miracle in return. Fabricators over the past decade have lost most of their influence over the printed circuit board development. This is an area where they can truly coach their customers — and add value in the process. They should grab it.

Talk Isn’t Cheap

Communicating is hard. It took thousands of years just for man to develop a common language. I don’t suppose, then, even in our “enlightened” state, we should expect it to be easy to develop a common, complete method for describing all the myriad features of a printed circuit board.

This week at PCB West, the Silicon Valley annual trade show, a special panel will convene to address just that decades-old issue. (Disclosure: I’m the moderator.) I don’t expect the group to solve all the industry’s data problems in just 90 minutes, but I do think a few key aspects will be noted.

Here’s a question I plan to raise: Would the problem of unintelligent data files be essentially resolved if the initial cost to upgrade were lower?

Upstream, Intel, for example, sends an army of engineers to its suppliers to help them implement new processes. Few companies have the resources of Intel, of course. No fabricator does. And this leaves the fabs in a bind: They know that Gerber is insufficient, and spend countless hours massaging (often without their customer’s knowledge) the bad or incomplete data received from design. But with tooling jobs stacking up on their desks, and margins cut to the bone, they claim no resources to spend on implementing one of the richer data transfer formats like ODB++ or IPC-2581.

So who pays?

Neither IPC nor Valor make any money directly from their respective data transfer formats, so it’s unlikely either would see the value in extending themselves further by underwriting the onsite development and implementation work. (Whether they should anyway is a column for another day.) Designers tend to be risk-averse: They are unlikely to risk their jobs on something upper management is not mandating. Thus, it may be that the fabricators need to start assigning a CAM engineer to its key customers — perhaps one at a time, to keep costs down — to help them get up and running — no matter which rich format they choose.

The argument for switching to a superior format(s) is that manufacturers will save money down the road. I understand, however, that quantifying the cost savings is exceedingly difficult. Moreover, as one CAD developer told me, there’s an unwritten incentive for the status quo (read: Gerber) because manufacturers don’t want to appear inflexible.

I would argue that the industry’s margins can’t afford to keep sending bad data downstream and hoping for a miracle in return. Fabricators over the past decade have lost most of their influence over the printed circuit board development. This is an area where they can truly coach their customers — and add value in the process. They should grab it.

Time Keeps on Ticking, Ticking …

Twenty years? PCB West is 20 years old? I feel like Rip Van Winkle all of a sudden. I close my eyes, take a walk around the block and poof, those years have flown by. And at the risk of dating myself, I was barely in my forties when we started PCB West. (You do the math.)

It only seems like a long time when I think about some of the shows and things that happened back in the heady days of the 1990s. Then there are some photos floating around of those early PCB West shows. Looking at those pics, I can see I’m not the only one who has aged a bit. And speaking of age, in some ways the PCB design world has also aged. I’m sure some of you remember the PCB Benchmark that we used to do at PCB West. Back in those days, it was not unusual to have more than a dozen different EDA vendors participating in the benchmark. Today most of those companies have been gobbled up by three or four companies. During the days of the first PCB Design Conferences, personal computers were just coming into wide use. The DOS OS was still limited by hardware and software, and most design systems were still operating on UNIX-based machines from Sun or HP. By comparison, I expect any day to hear of some EDA company releasing a product optimized for the iPAD.

In the early days as editor of Printed Circuit Design magazine, I used to talk about the Buck Rogers syndrome: When I was a kid, everyone expected us to be walking on Mars and riding around in flying cars by the year 2000. It’s what we saw on TV and what a country and society that knew few boundaries could imagine. While we may be a bit more realistic about expectations these days, the pace of change has accelerated. Think about this: When we started the PCB Design Conference, there were no cell phones or laptops (at least not for the masses), and we didn’t even imagine email or the Internet.

The technology has changed over the years: finer features, many more pins on the components, and signal integrity issues are the norm. But, basically, it is the same process. In some ways PCB design has changed a lot in 20 years, but in some ways it is still the same. In my mind it’s a lot like the people involved. You’ve changed in some ways to keep up with the technology, but in the end, PCB designers are still the ones who turn that idea, that concept, into a tangible product. To me that means you are still the indispensable link in the chain.

Thanks for all you do, and thanks for the first 20 fantastic years of PCB Design Conference. We couldn’t have done it without you.